Tipu Sultan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan
WOOD CARVING -1805- SHOWING ALL MERCHANTS OF CALICUT [click to enlarge picture](KOZHIKODU TOWN)TIED DOWN ON ORDER OF TIPU SULTAN (MAY BE BEFORE EXECUTION )
fort and island of Tippu on Malabar coast
| Kingdom of Travancore | |
|---|---|
| Part of History of Kerala | |
 | |
| Travancore Kings | |
| Marthanda Varma | 1729–1758 |
| Dharma Raja | 1758–1798 |
| Balarama Varma | 1798–1810 |
| Gowri Lakshmi Bayi‡ | 1810–1815 |
| Gowri Parvati Bayi‡ | 1815–1829 |
| Swathi Thirunal | 1829–1846 |
| Uthram Thirunal | 1846–1860 |
| Ayilyam Thirunal | 1860–1880 |
| Visakham Thirunal | 1880–1885 |
| Moolam Thirunal | 1885–1924 |
| Sethu Lakshmi Bayi‡ | 1924–1931 |
| Chithira Thirunal | 1931–1949 |
| ‡ Regent Queens | |
| Capitals | |
| Padmanabhapuram | 1729–1795 |
| Thiruvananthapuram | 1795–1949 |
| Palaces | |
| Padmanabhapuram Palace | |
| Kilimanoor palace | |
| Kuthira Malika | |
| Kowdiar Palace | |
Village : Methala
Taluk : Kodungalloor
District : Thrissur
Location : At Kottappuram, about four kilometers on the Kodungalloor-Moothakunnam Road
Kottappuram Fort, built by the Portuguese in 1523 was referred to popularly as Cranganore Fort and is now known as Kodungallur Fort. It was captured and destroyed by the Dutch in 1663. The Fort had a strategic position, on the mouth of the river Periyar, before it joins the Arabian Sea, which gave it the advantage of controlling the ships and boats that passed to and from the interior of Malabar. The town developed around this fort. A church and many traditional houses in the nearby area, built by the Europeans still remain today. Kottappuram Fort played a significant role in many wars between the Zamorin and the rulers of Kochi. In 1662 the Dutch fleet had made an attempt to capture it from the Portuguese, but that invasion was successful only in 1663. It was a heavy fight, in which the Kottappuram Fort was severely damaged. After taking over the Fort, the Dutch demolished it to the minimum and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.
When the interest of the rulers of Mysore turned towards Malabar, Haider Ali negotiated with the Dutch for the purchase of the Kottappuram Fort and the one at Pallippuram. During Tipu Sultan’s possession of the Malabar Coast, the Travancore rulers felt it was imperative for them to possess these forts, to safeguard their kingdom against invasion by the Mysore rulers. So, the then Travancore King, Ramavarma Dharmaraja (1758-1798), purchased these two forts on 31 July 1789. The agreement was executed in 1909, by Raja Kesava Dasa, the Dewan of Travancore and John Gerard Van Angelbeck, the Dutch Governor. Later, finding it in a ruined state, the Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the Fort and decided to preserve it as a public property.
Cranganore Fort
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Cranganore Fort | |
|---|---|
| Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala | |
 |
|
| Type | Cultural |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Government of Kerala |
| Controlled by |  Portuguese Empire Netherlands United Kingdom India |
| Open to the public |
Yes |
| Condition | Structure |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1523 |
| Materials | Stone |
| Demolished | Partly |
History
Dutch India took possession of it in 1661, and later it came under the control of Tipu Sultan. Dutch India wrested it back from Tipu Sultan, but the fort eventually came under the control of Tipu, who destroyed it in the following year.
- Ruins
See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranganore Fort. |
Tipu Sultan
The painting
shows Tipu Sultan's army fighting the British and achieving a famous
victory thanks to the rocket brigades , which probably is the first eve
Siege of Seringapatam (1792) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org
General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipoo Sultan's sons as hostages, by Robert Home, c. 1793
Tipu’s DEFEAT-AT TRAVANCORE BORDER-1789
Historic Alleys: Tipu's Waterloo
historicalleys.blogspot.com.....
"The
relieving corps awkwardly advancing along the tame Hank was met and
checked by an impetuous mass of fugitives; the next corps caught the
infection, .....................Shungoony Menon’s History of Travancore...On the 11th Dhanu (24th December), Tippoo encamped at a place four
miles distant from the Travancore lines, where he began to erect
batteries on the 12th (25th). On the night of the 15th Dhanu, 964 M.E.,
(28th December 1789 A.D.), Tippoo's powerful army, under his personal
command, attacked the Northern frontier of Travancore and attempted a
breach of the barrier; but the attack was ably and gallantly resisted by
the troops on duty, generally known by the designation of "Paravoor
Battalion”. ....On the morning of the 15th Dhanu (28th December), the Sultan's
force, consisting of 14,000 select infantry and a body of 500 pioneers,
paraded in front of the line. The pioneers were ordered to clear a part
of the ditch where the wall was not guarded, and they proceeded with the
work which was not successfully completed during the night. However,
the Sultan ordered the force to proceed and effect an entrance within
the walls during the night. By day break on the 16th Dhanu (29th
December) he gained an entrance and succeeded in possessing a
considerable extent of the ramparts. The troops of the Maha Rajah,
occupying those ramparts, retreated before Tippoo's army as the latter
was marching by the side of the wall with the full view of reaching the
gate. The Travancore garrison opposed their progress. Tippoo found it
necessary to bring in a reinforcement to afford help to the leading
corps. In the hurry of the moment, the order was misunderstood and
ill-executed. In this confusion, a party of twenty men of the Travancore
garrison, who were stationed at a corner of the rampart, threw in a
regular platoon on the flank which killed the officer commanding, and
threw the corps into inextricable disorder and flight. The advancing
relief was met and checked by an impetuous mass of fugitives..... ........THE panic now became general and the retreating men were borne on to
the ditch, while others were forced into it by the mass which pressed
on from behind. Those that fell into the ditch were, of course, killed.
The rear now became the front. The bodies that filled the ditch enabled
the remainder to pass over them. The Sultan himself was thrown down in
the struggle and the bearers of his palanquin trampled to death. Though
he was rescued from death by some of his faithful followers, yet he
received such injuries that he never forgot in this episode in his
invasion of Travancore. ....Tippoo's State sword, signet ring, and other personal ornaments fell
into the hands of the Travancore army; several officers and men were
taken prisoners, and of the former, five were Europeans, and one a
Mahratta. .......Tippoo retreated with great shame and chagrin, and Dewan Kasava
Pillay returned to Trivandrum in triumph, bringing with him Tippoo's
sword, shield, as trophies. The Maha Rajah communicated the news of his
success to his friends the English and the Nabob, and received their
warm congratulations. The Nabob requested the Maha Rajah to send
Tippoo's sword, shield, dagger, belt, palanquin, and they were
accordingly forwarded. ......Tippoo was now determined on retaliating on Travancore...........
..........................................................................
The Travancore army was no match for the huge Mysore army and the monsoon season was four or five months away.
..........................................................................
The Travancore army was no match for the huge Mysore army and the monsoon season was four or five months away.
Therefore,
under the guidance of Raja Kesavadas, the Prime Minister of Travancore,
a temporary bund was constructed way up on the stream by a team headed
by Kalikutty Nair.
When
the Mysore army launched its assault and Nedunkotta was penetrated, the
temporary bund was breached in the midst of heavy fighting, causing an
unexpected flood which drowned many Mysore soldiers and rendered the
gunpowder wet and useless. The result was panic and confusion in the
Mysore army. The triumphant Nair forces of Travancore inflicted heavy
casualties on the- invading army. But the valiant Kalikutty Nair was
also drowned in the sudden surge of water and became a martyr.
That was the first time, January 1, 1790, when Tipu Sultan tasted a humiliating defeat.
It is recorded in Travancore history and also confirmed by the local
folklore that as the wounded Tipu was lying unconscious in the
battlefield he was rescued by a Nair soldier who quietly carried the
unconscious Sultan to the Mysore military camp during the night and left
. The brave Nair soldier could have easily killed the unconscious Tipu
as many have done to a Hindu in similar circumstances'
According
to authentic historical records, the Nair forces of Travancore attacked
the Mysore army which was crossing the defence fortification, and
inflicted heavy casualties on it. The sudden and unexpected attack made
the Mysore Army panicky, and in the confusion Tipu Sultan fell down from
the ramparts of the fort into the ditch below along with his palanquin.
The
fall made him permanently lame. Later on, the Travancore forces
recovered from the ditch the sword, the pallanquin, the dagger, the ring
and many other personal effects of Tipu and presented them to the
Dharma Raja.
Some of Tipu's personal weapons and ornaments were sent to
the Nawab of Arcot on his request (Travancore History by P. Sankunny Menon, published by Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, pp. 191-92).
.........................................................................
Nair soldiers of the Cochin Maharaja - 1500s.-
THEY WERE CALLED CHAAVER SOLDIERS;BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO DIE(CHAAVE) IN
WAR .LATER JAPANESE USED SUCH METHODS IN SECOND WORLD WAR CALLED
KAMIKAZE PILOTS ,WHO JUST CRASHED INTO AMERICAN AIR CRAFT CARRIERS TO
DIE ,SAME TIME TO DESTROY THE ENEMY.NOW TERRORISTS ALSO USE SUCH METHODS
TO CRASH BOMB LADEN CARS INTO WHAT THEY CONSIDER AS ENEMY.THE BEST
EXAMPLE BEING 9/11 WHEN PLANES WERE CRASHED INTO BUILDINGS IN NEW YORK
.AGAINST SUCH DETERMINATION OF TRAVANCORE SOLDIERS TO DIE ;TIPPU WITH
THOUSANDS OF TROOPS AND ROCKET BRIGADE HAD NO CHANCE .TIPPU GOT DEFEATED
AT TRAVANCORE BORDER BY CHAAVER SOLDIERS OF TRAVANCORE,SO BADLY THAT
HISTORY SAYS HE HAD TO LIMB DUE TO INJURUIES
Mysorean invasion of Kerala - Wikipedia, the free ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala
Malabar Days: Palakkad [or Palghat] Fort] Early History 1757-1766 ...
Writing on 19 January 1790, to Badroos Saman Khan, Tipu Sultan said;[34]| “ | I have achieved a great victory recently in Malabar and over four lakh Hindus were converted to Islam. I am now determined to march against the cursed Raman Nair (Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma). |
Dharma Raja of travancore
Dharma Raja - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Many members of the royal families of Malabar who migrated to Travancore
preferred to remain there despite the withdrawal of Tipu's army and
restoration of peace due to the harsh experience and the peculiar
"psyche" of Muslim population in Malabar. The prominent royal families
were; (1) Neerazhi Kovilakam, (2) Gramathil Kottaram, (3) Paliyakkara,
(4) Nedumparampu, (5) Chempra Madham, (6) Ananthapuram Kottaram, (7)
Ezhimatoor Palace, (8) Aranmula Kottaram, (9) Varanathu Kovilakam, (10)
Mavelikkara, (11) Ennakkadu, (12) Murikkoyikkal Palace, (13)
Mariappilly, (14) Koratti Swaroopam, (15) Kaippuzha Kovilakam, (16)
Lakshmipuram Palace, and (17) Kottapuram.
Louis XVI of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org
*"The
assault
of Seringapatam," on the 4th of May 1799. Coloured engraving
by Sir
Alexander
Allen, 1802* (BL)
Louis XVI receives the ambassadors of Tippu Sultan in 1788, Voyer after Emile
Napoleon Bonaparte & Tipu Sultan. By:Faisal Iftikhar Date: Friday, 17 September 2010, 6:09 am. In Response To: Napoleon Bonaparte was a serious admirer of ...
Napoleon's Correspondence with Tipu Sultan. June 5, 2011No comments. In the last document we studied that the vagaries of the British internal politics led the ...
Aug 18, 2010 - Today we will tell you how Bonaparte I and the Russian Emperor Paul I attempted to conquer India. When people speak about Napoleon ...
Jump to Secret plans - The secret plan of the expedition, as preserved in the Russian ... The whole trip from France to Astrabad was calculated to take eighty days. ... The Indian March was designed to look very much like Napoleon's ...
Aug 18, 2010 - Today we will tell you how Bonaparte I and the Russian Emperor Paul I attempted to conquer India. When people speak about Napoleon ...
The route through Egypt has always been the shortest overland route
from Europe to the riches of the Spice Islands and India.
Unfortunately for Europeans, that particular route had been controlled
by Muslims for centuries.
By the late 18th Century Britain had lost America, France had lost most of her North American and West Indies colonies to Britain, Holland had a firm grip on Indonesia and Britain’s navy controlled the oceans.
India was the huge prize up for grabs. England and France, the premier European powers at the end of the 18th century were battling for control of India. France’s grip on her colonies in the East was beginning to slip as British led mercenaries attacked and defeated France’s Indian allies (Tippu Sultan Note: If you have the time, read this Tippu link from the National Gallery of Scotland).
What was Napoleon to do?
Although Napoleon’s Egyptian adventure lasted only three years, the influence of his invasion remained. It was French money and technology which financed the Suez Canal. French was the preferred second language for educated Egyptians as late as WW2.
Britain recognized her commercial vulnerability if she did not control Egypt, and set about detaching Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. Egypt entered Europe’s “Sphere of Influence” in the mid 19th century. The Suez canal was completed in 1869 and by about 1870 Britain and France were officially ruling Egypt, all of the Middle East and most of North Africa.
Europe’s influence in Egypt vanished in mid 20th century (1956) as America (Eisenhower) refused to back the coalition of Britain, France and Israel when they attacked Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal.
On 1 July Napoleon, aboard the ship L'Orient en route to Egypt, wrote the .... In India he would have been for Ali, at Thibet for the Dalai-lama, and in China for ...
Jun 18, 2015 - June 18, 1815: Had Napoleon won the Battle of Waterloo, how different would India have been? To begin with, we'd be speaking Frendi ...
After an attempt to reach the British India via Egypt failed in the early 1800s, the first consul of France laid a plan before Russia for a march to South Asia by land. According to Napoleon’s plan, a Russian corps of 35,000 soldiers was to set out from Astrakhan and, after crossing the Caspian Sea, land in the Persian city of Astrabad. A similar French corps of Moreau’s Army of the Rhine was to go down to the Danube estuary, cross over to Taganrog and then march through Tsaritsyn to Astrabad. In Persia, the French troops were to join the Russian corps for a march to India.
The scale of the plan measured up to the campaigns of Alexander the Great. A total of 22,000 Cossacks were conscripted. The treasury earmarked over 1.5 m roubles for the operation. But then, Emperor Paul I was notoriously known for his eccentricities. For one, his idea to paint the Mikhailovsky (St. Michael’s) Castle the colour his mistress Anna Gagarina-Lopukhina’s gloves (according to one version) or the traditional colour of the Order of Malta (according to another version) shocked his court. To cross Central Asia in just two months, to cross the mountain ranges of Afghanistan, and come crashing down on the British as a bolt from the blue was exactly the kind of idea he could get carried away with. Meanwhile, the Russian emperor had absolutely no idea of the ordeal he was going to put the Cossacks through. Back than, even Russian maps did not show anything beyond Khiva. It is quite obvious now that the operation doomed the Cossacks.
According to the preliminary plans, the ally – Napoleon – was to open up a second front, land on the British Isles and strike from Egypt where the French host was still deployed. Yet Paul I had no trust in Napoleon, so he elected to act on his own. On 12 January 1801, he ordered the commander of the Don Cossack Host Vasily Orlov to set out for India.
When the Cossacks finally reached the Volga River, the ice was already so fragile that the horses fell through. It was even more difficult to continue the march after crossing the Volga: the spring sun had melted the snow, literally turning the road into a swamp. Artillerymen broke their backs pulling cannons out of the mud. Horses fell and the route was marked with hundreds of their corpses.
To top it all, a new trouble awaited the Cossacks on the other side of Volga: as they marched through the Saratov guberniya (region), they had to go without food or fodder for days on end.
Losing their way several times, they came to the Mechetnaya settlement (now known as the city of Pugachev, Saratov Region), where word of the demise of Paul I on 23 March 1801 finally caught up with them. The Emperor’s son, who succeeded to the throne, Alexander I, decided to call back the campaign. When he received the order to return home, Orlov addressed the Cossacks saying “God and the Emperor bestow upon you your fathers’ homes.”
Orlov came back to his home on the Don River on 2 May, while the Cossack regiments returned between 17 and 25 April. They had covered 1,564 versts (roughly 1,668 kilometres) in just two months. This was the end of the Indian crusade. It put its participants to a lot of tests and the treasury to huge expenses.
There are various interpretations of the conspiracy that resulted in the assassination of Emperor Paul I. Perhaps the British were genuinely worried that Russia would oust them from India and orchestrated Paul’s murder to save India from the Cossacks? The conspirators were financed by British Ambassador Lord Whitworth. Tracing conspiracies down to secret service ploys is an easy and pleasant task but, in reality, it is highly unlikely that the British political officers knew anything about the campaign. The operation was strictly classified and, even in Russia, only the Cossack command was aware of it, while the rest were under the delusion that they were marching towards Bukharino.
Could the Cossacks have conquered India? A last century expert on the issue, Mr. N. Krasnov, considered the task impossible. With the lifeless deserts of Central Asia stretching ahead of them, the Cossacks would have been left without horses – i.e., without any artillery. They would have perished a long way from their native land for no purpose.
On the other hand, Emperor Paul’s plan doesn’t seem so outlandish taking into consideration the serious political forces participating in this conspiracy against England. Initially, beside the Cossacks, two regular armies – Russian and French – each one consisting of 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers were supposed to set off for India.
Russian historian Ms. V. Antyuhina writes in her work “Anglo-French fight for India in the Napoleon I epoch” that it wasn’t for nothing that the English were so worried about the Napoleon and Pavel I plan they even made agreements with Persia in 1809 and 1814 prohibiting access of foreign armies moving towards India.
Besides, in case of the Russo-French operation’s success, Bengali military forces that were supposed to counter their attacks were composed of only 2,000 English soldiers and 30,000 Sepoy warriors whose loyalty to London was questionable taking into account it was brave Sepoy soldiers that rebelled against the English colonisers in 1857.
So the question remains unanswered: what historical destiny would have awaited Russia and India had the Russian Emperor not been killed in the middle of the military operation? The contemplation on the subject goes on till our days, but as they say: “There are no “If’s” in history.” And a much better approach would be appreciating the Indo-Russian relationship that our two countries have now instead of analysing political games of the past on the Eurasian continent.
May 10, 2014 - To Cardinal Fesch Munich, 7th January APPENDIX II NAPOLEON'S ... Napoleon's Meeting with Goethe & Letter to Hadhrat Tipu Sultan. 2,283
Wattier, 19th century.
The Goddess and a Sultan: Hindu Coinage of Tipu Sultan | The ...
Jump to Captivity by Tipu Sultan - [edit]. A dungeon at Srirangapatna during modern times. Those Hindus (chiefly among Kodavas and Nairs) and ...
However, a sizeable Christian population did not exist there until the second half ..... Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, Tipu gained control of Canara.
Images of Tipu Sultan Summer Palace Pictures Gallery–Bangalore Attractions Photos
*"Bastion of outer rampart of fortifications on N.W. face of Seringapatam (Mysore), where Tipu Sultan had his headquarters during the attack by the British in May 1799," a watercolor, 1799* (BL)
Napoleon Bonaparte & Tipu Sultan - Ourbeacon.com
www.ourbeacon.com/cgi-bin/bbs60x/webbbs.../314123119156997
Napoleon's Correspondence with Tipu Sultan - General ...
www.gktoday.in/napoleons-correspondence-with-tipu-sultan/
1812: How Napoleon and Paul I were about to conquer India
sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2010/08/18/16259303/
Indian March of Paul - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_March_of_Paul
1812: How Napoleon and Paul I were about to conquer India
sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2010/08/18/16259303/
The route through Egypt has always been the shortest overland route
from Europe to the riches of the Spice Islands and India.
Unfortunately for Europeans, that particular route had been controlled
by Muslims for centuries.By the late 18th Century Britain had lost America, France had lost most of her North American and West Indies colonies to Britain, Holland had a firm grip on Indonesia and Britain’s navy controlled the oceans.
India was the huge prize up for grabs. England and France, the premier European powers at the end of the 18th century were battling for control of India. France’s grip on her colonies in the East was beginning to slip as British led mercenaries attacked and defeated France’s Indian allies (Tippu Sultan Note: If you have the time, read this Tippu link from the National Gallery of Scotland).
What was Napoleon to do?
On 1-July-1798 a French fleet, carrying the twenty-nine year-old Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), consisting of over 300 transport and war ships and about 50,000 men was about to disembarked at Alexandria. This was the beginning of the Egyptian campaign. This Oriental expedition was an alternative to an invasion of England, France’s long-time enemy. Napoleon had decided to organize it with the political aim of challenging British control of the Mediterranean and thus interrupting the critical trade routes to India.Napoleon’s Egyptian plans were frustrated by many factors, most particularly, by the British destruction of the French navy at the Battle of the Nile ( Horatio Nelson) which cut off French supplies to Napoleon.
Although Napoleon’s Egyptian adventure lasted only three years, the influence of his invasion remained. It was French money and technology which financed the Suez Canal. French was the preferred second language for educated Egyptians as late as WW2.
Britain recognized her commercial vulnerability if she did not control Egypt, and set about detaching Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. Egypt entered Europe’s “Sphere of Influence” in the mid 19th century. The Suez canal was completed in 1869 and by about 1870 Britain and France were officially ruling Egypt, all of the Middle East and most of North Africa.
Europe’s influence in Egypt vanished in mid 20th century (1956) as America (Eisenhower) refused to back the coalition of Britain, France and Israel when they attacked Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal.
French campaign in Egypt and Syria - Wikipedia, the free ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria
June 18, 1815: Had Napoleon won the Battle of Waterloo ...
scroll.in/.../june-18-1815-had-napoleon-won-the-battle-of-waterloo-how...
Napoleon’s Indian campaign
The “Indian campaign” was actually Napoleon Bonaparte’s idea. Paul I was disappointed with the fiasco of the Russian-British invasion of the Netherlands and infuriated by the British occupation of Malta for, at that time, he bore the title of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta. This prompted Paul I to cut off relations with Great Britain and make a deal with Napoleon.After an attempt to reach the British India via Egypt failed in the early 1800s, the first consul of France laid a plan before Russia for a march to South Asia by land. According to Napoleon’s plan, a Russian corps of 35,000 soldiers was to set out from Astrakhan and, after crossing the Caspian Sea, land in the Persian city of Astrabad. A similar French corps of Moreau’s Army of the Rhine was to go down to the Danube estuary, cross over to Taganrog and then march through Tsaritsyn to Astrabad. In Persia, the French troops were to join the Russian corps for a march to India.
The scale of the plan measured up to the campaigns of Alexander the Great. A total of 22,000 Cossacks were conscripted. The treasury earmarked over 1.5 m roubles for the operation. But then, Emperor Paul I was notoriously known for his eccentricities. For one, his idea to paint the Mikhailovsky (St. Michael’s) Castle the colour his mistress Anna Gagarina-Lopukhina’s gloves (according to one version) or the traditional colour of the Order of Malta (according to another version) shocked his court. To cross Central Asia in just two months, to cross the mountain ranges of Afghanistan, and come crashing down on the British as a bolt from the blue was exactly the kind of idea he could get carried away with. Meanwhile, the Russian emperor had absolutely no idea of the ordeal he was going to put the Cossacks through. Back than, even Russian maps did not show anything beyond Khiva. It is quite obvious now that the operation doomed the Cossacks.
According to the preliminary plans, the ally – Napoleon – was to open up a second front, land on the British Isles and strike from Egypt where the French host was still deployed. Yet Paul I had no trust in Napoleon, so he elected to act on his own. On 12 January 1801, he ordered the commander of the Don Cossack Host Vasily Orlov to set out for India.
When the Cossacks finally reached the Volga River, the ice was already so fragile that the horses fell through. It was even more difficult to continue the march after crossing the Volga: the spring sun had melted the snow, literally turning the road into a swamp. Artillerymen broke their backs pulling cannons out of the mud. Horses fell and the route was marked with hundreds of their corpses.
To top it all, a new trouble awaited the Cossacks on the other side of Volga: as they marched through the Saratov guberniya (region), they had to go without food or fodder for days on end.
Losing their way several times, they came to the Mechetnaya settlement (now known as the city of Pugachev, Saratov Region), where word of the demise of Paul I on 23 March 1801 finally caught up with them. The Emperor’s son, who succeeded to the throne, Alexander I, decided to call back the campaign. When he received the order to return home, Orlov addressed the Cossacks saying “God and the Emperor bestow upon you your fathers’ homes.”
Orlov came back to his home on the Don River on 2 May, while the Cossack regiments returned between 17 and 25 April. They had covered 1,564 versts (roughly 1,668 kilometres) in just two months. This was the end of the Indian crusade. It put its participants to a lot of tests and the treasury to huge expenses.
There are various interpretations of the conspiracy that resulted in the assassination of Emperor Paul I. Perhaps the British were genuinely worried that Russia would oust them from India and orchestrated Paul’s murder to save India from the Cossacks? The conspirators were financed by British Ambassador Lord Whitworth. Tracing conspiracies down to secret service ploys is an easy and pleasant task but, in reality, it is highly unlikely that the British political officers knew anything about the campaign. The operation was strictly classified and, even in Russia, only the Cossack command was aware of it, while the rest were under the delusion that they were marching towards Bukharino.
Could the Cossacks have conquered India? A last century expert on the issue, Mr. N. Krasnov, considered the task impossible. With the lifeless deserts of Central Asia stretching ahead of them, the Cossacks would have been left without horses – i.e., without any artillery. They would have perished a long way from their native land for no purpose.
On the other hand, Emperor Paul’s plan doesn’t seem so outlandish taking into consideration the serious political forces participating in this conspiracy against England. Initially, beside the Cossacks, two regular armies – Russian and French – each one consisting of 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers were supposed to set off for India.
Russian historian Ms. V. Antyuhina writes in her work “Anglo-French fight for India in the Napoleon I epoch” that it wasn’t for nothing that the English were so worried about the Napoleon and Pavel I plan they even made agreements with Persia in 1809 and 1814 prohibiting access of foreign armies moving towards India.
Besides, in case of the Russo-French operation’s success, Bengali military forces that were supposed to counter their attacks were composed of only 2,000 English soldiers and 30,000 Sepoy warriors whose loyalty to London was questionable taking into account it was brave Sepoy soldiers that rebelled against the English colonisers in 1857.
So the question remains unanswered: what historical destiny would have awaited Russia and India had the Russian Emperor not been killed in the middle of the military operation? The contemplation on the subject goes on till our days, but as they say: “There are no “If’s” in history.” And a much better approach would be appreciating the Indo-Russian relationship that our two countries have now instead of analysing political games of the past on the Eurasian continent.
Napoleon's Meeting with Goethe & Letter to Hadhrat Tipu ...
www.slideshare.net/.../napoleons-meeting-with-goethe-letter-to-hadhrat-t...
Wattier, 19th century.
The Goddess and a Sultan: Hindu Coinage of Tipu Sultan | The ...
toshkhana.wordpress.com
A letter Aug 5, 1791 from Tipu Sultan to the Shringeri Jagadguru - Reverse.
Jump to Destruction of Hindu temples - But Tipu Sultan forced the temples to pay heavy taxes. ... the destruction of the local Hindu temples by Tipu's army.
Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jump to Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan - C. K. Kareem also notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in Kerala. Hindu ...
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Jump to Tipu Sultan - C. K. Kareem notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in Kerala. The archaeological survey of ...
Islamic conquest of Kerala - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Kerala
Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam - Wikipedia, the free ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam
Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at ... - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Se...
Jump to Criticism of Tipu - Many Roman Catholic and British writers have severely criticised Tipu for his policies and treatment of Christians.
History of Mangalorean Catholics - Wikipedia, the free ...
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Soon after his son Tippu Sultan gained possession of Mangalore in January 1784, he issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,
Mangalorean Catholics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics
Images of Tipu Sultan Summer Palace Pictures Gallery–Bangalore Attractions Photos
*"Bastion of outer rampart of fortifications on N.W. face of Seringapatam (Mysore), where Tipu Sultan had his headquarters during the attack by the British in May 1799," a watercolor, 1799* (BL)
Seringapatam,
the fortress capital of the Mysore Kingdom, had been threatened on a
number of occasions never been captured before the historic battle in
1799
A battle plan, 'Illustrated History of England', 1898
*"Tippou Saib leading his troops to the defense of Seringapatam"; an engraving, 1902*
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History books tell us that the fall of Tipu was a result of his betrayal by a few close associates. One of them, they say, was his confidant, Diwan Purnaiya.
'We're history's wronged children' - Times of India
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Were-historys.../19875053.cms
Statesman and a survivor - Deccan Herald
www.deccanherald.com › Supplements › Spectrum
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===============================================
Statesman and a survivor
www.deccanherald.com
AN ENIGMA : A painting of the first Dewan of the Wodeyars, Purnaiya.
This just made me laugh. It’s a life-sized automaton of painted wood. There’s a crank handle on the side that makes the soldier’s arm go up and down and simulates roaring sounds from the tiger. It belonged to an Indian ruler Tipu Sultan. The Brits called him Tippoo Sahib. Clearly, he hated the Brits. When they defeated him 1799, they requisitioned it. One wonders if they found it funny.
This just made me laugh. It’s a life-sized automaton of painted wood. There’s a crank handle on the side that makes the soldier’s arm go up and down and simulates roaring sounds from the tiger. It belonged to an Indian ruler Tipu Sultan. The Brits called him Tippoo Sahib. Clearly, he hated the Brits. When they defeated him 1799, they requisitioned it. One wonders if they found it funny.
A Qajar Persian copy of a British painting of the assault, 1836/7
Source: http://search.sothebys.com/jsps/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?lot_id=4FGKH
(downloaded May 2005)
" THE ASSAULT AND TAKING OF SERINGAPATAM AFTER THE PAINTING BY HENRY SINGLETON, SIGNED "THE SLAVE OF THE KING, 'ABDULLAH", QAJAR, PERSIA, DATED 1252 HIJRA / A.D.1836-7; oil on canvas, framed
CATALOGUE NOTE: inscription in Persian:
"The assault and capture of the fortress of Seringapatam, which is the capital of the Deccan on 4th May 1799 corresponding to 1214 of the hijra. Major General Baird divided his army into two [divisions], giving a part to Colonel Dunlop. Despite extreme bravery and stability shown by the garrison-soldiers and the fact that Colonel Dunlop was injured, nevertheless, the British army with absolute gallantry, arrows and swords entered the fortress at which point Tipu Sultan was killed and the fortress captured. The slave of the king, 'Abdullah, wrote it, the year 1252 (1836-7)"The signature conforms to that used by 'Abdullah, the chief painter at the court of Fath 'Ali Shah. 'Abdullah went on to receive the title bashi (chief) and khan from Muhammad Shah in 1255/1844 and was put in charge of all craftsmen working for the royal palace. Karimzadeh notes that not many works by 'Abdullah are recorded; in style, he followed Mihr 'Ali, and worked both in oil and watercolour (Karimzadeh Tabrizi, M. A., The Lives and Art of Old Painters of Iran, vol. 1, London, 1985, pp.301-11). According to Karimzadeh, 'Abdullah was particularly skilful in depicting battle scenes and portraiture, as witnessed by the large painting of "Fath 'Ali Shah receiving dignitaries". Amongst those depicted in the aforementioned painting is the "envoy of the great Ray (Raja) Tipu Sultan", showing that Tipu was certainly known at the Qajar court, though it is unlikely that Muhammad Shah would have been sufficiently interested in the British victory at Seringapatam to commission a painting of the subject. A more plausible explanation is that one of the British envoys under Muhammad Shah who knew 'Abdullah commissioned him to paint this picture. The composition relates closely to an oil painting by the British artist, Henry Singleton (1766-1839), now in the Allentown Art Museum, Pennsylvania (Archer, M., India and British Portraiture 1770-1825, London 1979, pl.342) which 'Abdullah must have known through a coloured engraving."
"The storming of Seringapatam: death of Tippoo Sahib";
Storming of Seringapatam under General Baird and death of Tipu Sultan, May 4, 1799
The River Gate in Seringapatam (Srirangapatna) Fort - Karnataka 1896*"The assault of Seringapatam," on the 4th of May 1799
Temple in Srirangapatna, Karnataka - 1895
TIPPU' DEATH
File:Death of Tippoo Sultan.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
Map of south India, showing Malabar under East India Company
 |
| Above is a piece of cannon among many others used to defend the fort of Srirangapattnam. |
 | ||||||
 Seringapatam 1799Plan for a fortified Castle, Palace, or Country House. [&] Plan of the Town & Fortifications of Seringapatam.
|
His eleventh and only surviving son, Prince Ghulam Muhammad, was exiled by the British to Calcutta and the Mysore Kingdom which had been usurped by Hyder Ali Khan, was restored to the Wodeyars. However, Prince Ghulam Muhammad was also given a substantial pension by the English , is the largest Muslim trust in Calcutta.
*the
taking
of prisoners after the battle*; from the Illustrated London
News,
1894Court coat (Jama)Muslin, decorated with couched flattened silver-gilt wire
Probably Deccan, late 18th century, from the wardrobe of Tipu Sultan (d. 1799) at Seringapatam
Siege of Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vellore Fort - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The spoils of Empire: Bounty looted by Wellington's men from defeated Tiger of Mysore's Indian palace set to sell for £1million
- 30-year-old Duke of Wellington fought Tipu Sultan as an army general in 1799
- Tipu was killed in the defeat and soldiers plundered the city and palace for jewels and riches
- Modern British collector was 'obsessed with' Sultan, acquiring works over 30 years
- Sale of his collection could fetch £1million with personal gun tipped to get £150,000 alone
They
are the remnant of a bygone era, when Sultan's ruled one of the world's
oldest empires, living in a forgotten age of opulence and extravagance
in India's immense palace estates.
But
when the Duke of Wellington 's forces defeated and killed Tipu Sultan,
the Tiger of Mysore, in 1799, troops plundered the city and the palace,
returning to Britain with gold, jewellery, arms, armour, clothing and
even Tipu's grand throne.
This
month, a collection of the historic artefacts from this exotic empire
will go on sale at London auction house Bonhams, and experts expect them
to fetch a total of around £1million.
Pure
opulence: A gem-set sword with pink, green and red stones and an ornate
tiger's head pommel is expected to sell for £80,000.
This rare quilted helmet with a gold
koftgari bar, incredibly artistic stitching and the wonderfully bright
colours of India is set to sell for £35,000
Great
adversaries: The Tiger of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, left, and army
general, Arthur Wellesley, right, fought in India in 1799. War was waged
after spies intercepted a letter from the Sultan proposing an alliance
with the French. Wellesley went on to become the Duke of Wellington,
defeating Napolean in the Battle of Waterloo. But he earned his stripes
fighting in Mysore and rushed to check the sultan's pulse when he was
killed
These items are not just arms and armour but far more than that - they're works of art
Claire Penhallurick, head of Islamic and Indian art at Bonhams
The
item tipped to attract the biggest price is the Sultan's personal
sporting gun, a four-foot-long rifle made by his own armoury, tipped to
make £150,000 alone.
It
was given as a present to Lord Cornwallis, the Governor General of
India, after the fall of Tipu and passed on to the Earls of Pembroke,
staying in the family for 200 years.
A
gold-coloured gem-set sword with an artistic tiger's head pommel
showing the craftsmanship of 18th-century Mysore is expected to sell for
£80,000.
An
archer's set, made for Tipu, includes a beautiful gold and red
embroidered quiver and arm guards, a belt with a finely-forged buckle
and seven decorated arrows. It's expected to sell for £60,000.
The
collection also includes a rare quilted helmet with a gold koftgari
bar, stitched with a finely detailed pattern and the wonderfully bright
colours associated with India, which is set to sell for £35,000.
One of
the prize pieces is an artistically carved hardwood tiger-paw from the
foot of Tipu's throne - the only surviving piece of the once magnificent
structure - which could make £20,000.
Bidders
can buy a piece of history with a Mughal gem-set jade plaque, complete
with a note stating it was found with the body of Tipu Sultan in 1799
after he died on the battlefield.
Other
items up for sale include pistols, helmets, swords, intricately
embroidered clothing and even a bronze field cannon used to defend the
fortress at Seringapatam.
Atop of an empire: This historic
picture shows what Tipu's magnificent throne would have looked like
before he was toppled. On sale in the auction is the only surviving
piece of the magnificent throne, a decoratively carved tiger foot with a
silver plaque celebrating the victory
Foot of the throne: A carved wood tiger paw from the foot of the throne of Tipu Sultan, expected to sell for £20,000
Medal of honour: The silver plaque
atop the foot of the throne commemorates the victory over one of the
greatest sultans in history
A golden age: This embroidered quiver
and arm guards, belt and seven decorated arrows, made for Tipu, is
expected to sell for £60,000
The
items were collected over 30 years by British Tipu expert Robin
Wigington, who even turned part of his house in Stratford Upon Avon into
a museum and allowed some of them to be displayed in exhibitions
worldwide.
He sold his collection to a private collector in 2005 and they have now been put up for sale again.
Claire
Penhallurick, head of Islamic and Indian art at Bonhams, said: 'It is
very unusual for there to be an auction of so many artefacts that once
belonged to Tipu. It is the product of one man who collected for nearly
30 years.
'Robin
Wigington was an arms and armour gentleman dealer who collected these
pieces over three decades. He was obsessed with Tipu - he published
pieces and loaned items to major exhibitions.
'In
the end he built his own museum at his home in Stratford Upon Avon
which was open for six years, during which time it won an award for the
best British museum.
'One of the highlights of this sale is one of the feet that Tipu's throne rested on.
'Quite
a few of the items are signed and dated by the manufacturer, making
them incredibly important historical documents because it allows other
items from the same era to be dated.
'Many of the pieces have previous metal inlays and incredibly decorative touches. It's very obvious they're Tipu's pieces.
'Wigington
had an eye for quality and he collected the best of the best. These
items are not just arms and armour but far more than that - they're
works of art.
HOW WELLINGTON EARNED HIS STRIPES IN INDIA FIGHTING WORTHY OPPONENT THE TIGER OF MYSORE
Storming of Seringapatam under General
Baird and death of Tipu Sultan, May 4, 1799, in the Mysore War. Tipu
Sultan was shot and killed in the onslaught
Wellington was a 30-year-old army general when he led troops to Mysore in the late 18th century.
Then
a young Arthur Wellesley, he earned his stripes and learned skills
fighting Tipu, nicknamed the Tiger of Mysore, that would later prove
vital in defeating French dictator Napoleon on the battlefields of
Waterloo.
His
elder brother Richard Wellesley, the British Governor General, had
waged war against the sultan after a spy intercepted a letter from
Napoleon proposing an alliance.
It was to be the fourth war between the Brits and the southern Indian kingdom of Mysore in just over 30 years.
Wellesley
led the British army into Tipu's stronghold of Seringapatam, the
capital of Mysore, on April 5 1799 with the military planning and
precision that came to be his strongest attributes.
More
than two decades letter Wellesley, by then the Duke of Wellington, used
the same skills he had learned against Tipu Sultan to crush Napoleon at
the Battle of Waterloo.
After several weeks of besieging the city the Brits were able to breach the walls of its fortress.
Tipu Sultan was shot and killed in the onslaught, and Wellesley dashed to the scene to check his pulse.
Weelington went on to become one of the most famed leaders in military history.
'Tipu Sultan was one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, but interest in him comes from all over the world.'
'He was the first adversary of General Arthur Wellesley, who went on to become the Duke of Wellington.
'It
would be fair to say Wellesley learned the skills he later displayed at
the Battle of Waterloo fighting against Tipu, although Tipu gave the
Brits a good run for their money.
'After the fall of Tipu the British took over his palace and some of his items were divided up among officers.
'A series of auctions were held over three days in Seringapatam where more treasures were sold.
'Some of these items we are selling could have come from these auctions, or they could have been gifted to officers at the time.
'Many of the pieces have 200-year provenances in the UK.
'Some
were personal weapons of Tipu's - one such is a huge gun with a
crouching tiger carved into the butt which was gifted to Lord Cornwallis
after the fall of Seringapatam.
Mughal
gem-set jade plaque with note stating it was found with the body of Tipu
Sultan, left, and A metal-thread embroidered quilted velvet quirass,
expected to sell for £20,000, right. The items will be on sale at the
Bonhams auction on April 21
EXHIBITIONS SHOW MAN BEHIND THE TITLE TO COMMEMORATE 200TH ANNIVERSARY OF HISTORIC BATTLE
The Duke of Wellington's former home
Apsley House on Hyde Park Corner where he hosted grand events to
commemorate the historic battle
The Duke of Wellington's handwritten orders from the Battle of Waterloo and a pair of the original 'Wellington boots' are among items in two exhibitions to mark the 200th anniversary of the conflict.
English
Heritage is putting on new displays at Wellington Arch at Hyde Park
Corner and nearby Apsley House, the London home of the first Duke of
Wellington, who commanded the army that defeated Napolean in modern day
Belgium in 1815.
They
mark the bicentenary of the battle in which British and Prussian forces
finally defeated Bonaparte, bringing an end to conflict which had raged
in Europe and the wider world for 20 years.
At
Wellington's former home, Apsley House, which dates back to the 1770s,
visitors will be able see the Waterloo Gallery as it was when he hosted
annual banquets to commemorate the battle.
Josephine
Oxley, keeper of the Wellington collection, said visitors would be able
to find out about the man behind the battle and also see the scale of
the banquets which took place every year from 1820 until the duke died
in 1852.
'Once
the Waterloo Gallery was finished in 1828, the banquets expanded and
became very glamorous affairs, so much so there were crowds outside, it
was the red carpet event of its day.'
LORD CORNWALLIS IN HISTORY OF INDIA AND AMERICA
 |
| This painting depicts the forces of British Major General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738-1805) (who was not himself present at the surrender), surrendering to French and American forces after
the Siege of Yorktown (September 28 – October 19, 1781) during the
American Revolutionary War. The United States government commissioned
Trumbull to paint patriotic paintings, including this piece, for them in
1817[ FRENCH HELPED AMERICANS TO DEFEAT ENGLISH ARMY] |
 |
| Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan-to cornwallis-[the princes kidnapped by victorius English] [TIPU WAITED -IN VAIN- FOR FRENCH ARMY HELP VIA EGYPT]  |
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ENGLISH MEN COPIED INDIAN ROCKET AND USED IT AGAINST AMERICA IN 1813-INSPIRING POET FRANCIS SCOT KEY TO WRITE THE United States National Anthem,
William Congreve
The Indian rocket experiences, including Munro's book of 1789,[4] eventually led to the Royal Arsenal beginning a military rocket R&Dprogram
in 1801. Several rocket cases were collected from Mysore and sent to
Britain for analysis. The development was chiefly the work of Col.
(later Sir) William Congreve, son of the Comptroller of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London, who set on a vigorous research and development programme at the Arsenal's laboratory
William Congreve's Rocket[COPIED FROM INDIAN ROCKETS OF TIPU]
War of 1812
During their confrontation with the US during the War of 1812, the British used rockets at the Battle of Bladensburg, which led to the burning and surrender of Washington, D.C..
It was the use of Congreve rockets by the British in the bombardment of Fort McHenry in the U.S. in 1814 that inspired the fifth line of the first verse of the United States National Anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner: "And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air".
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Battle for Fort McHenry
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
 |
| English men used rockets ,copied from Tipu's rockets by english man william congreve |
This scene inspired Francis Scott to write
AMERICAN National Anthem:-
AMERICAN National Anthem:-
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs
bursting in air ,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still
there
. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
bursting in air ,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still
there
. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
Francis Scott Key 1779 - 1843 Then, in that hour of deliverance, my heart spoke "Does not such a country, and such defenders of their country, deserve a song"
Francis Scott Key
US National Anthem by the Academy Choirs:-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
NO BODY WROTE A SONG FOR TRAVANCORE
WHO DEFEATED 
WITH JUST PRIMITIVE WEAPONS 
-----------------------------------------------------------------
N A S A'S TRIBUTE TO TIPU in America
President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam of India
;was visiting Wallops
Flight Facility, Virginia, USA. There he “saw a painting displayed in
the reception lobby. It depicted a battle scene with a few rockets
flying in the background………It turned out to be Tipu Sultan’s army
fighting the British”.THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ANTHEM AND INDIAN ROCKETS:-http://gallimafry.blogspot.com/2010/08/star-spangled-banner-and-indian-rockets.html
The painting shows Tipu Sultan’s army fighting the British and achieving a famous victory thanks to the rocket brigades , which probably is the first ever example of rocket warfare . The painting hangs in the lobby of the Wallops Flight Facility of NASA
| Wallops Flight Facility of NASA |
In his autobiography Dr. Kalam further says “The painting depicted a fact forgotten in Tipu’s own country, but commemorated here on the other side of the planet. I was happy to see an Indian glorified by NASA as a hero of warfare rocketry”.
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TIPU REMEMBERED IN ENGLAND:-
Two of Tipu’s rockets have been displayed in the Museum of Artillery at Woolwich in London under the caption ‘Indian Rockets’.
The Royal Arsenal at Woolwich contains a museum. The museum includes a very good exhibition of artillery with a history gallery.
========================================================
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Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
Former Governor-General of India
Charles
Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG, styled Viscount Brome between
1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792,
was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. Wikipedia
Born: December 31, 1738, Grosvenor Square, London, United Kingdom
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis - Wikipedia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/.../Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwalli...
Jump to Lord Lieutenant of Ireland - Main article: Cornwallis in Ireland. In June 1798 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and ...
Cornwallis in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_in_India
British General Charles Cornwallis, the 2nd Earl Cornwallis, was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor ...
Charles Cornwallis - American Revolution - HISTORY.com
www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/charles-cornwallis
Charles Cornwallis
led several successful early campaigns during the American Revolution,
securing British victories at New York, Brandywine and Camden. In 1781,
as second in command to Gen. Henry Clinton, he moved his forces to
Virginia, where he was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown.
Lord Cornwallis as Governor-General (1786-93)
www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/india/cornw.htm
Oct 26, 2013 - The first Governor-General under the new Act was Lord Cornwallis (the ... Cornwallis suspended the whole Board of Revenue for irregularities ...
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl Cornwallis ...
www.britannica.com/.../Charles-Cornwallis-1st-Marquess-and-2nd-Earl-...
Jul 18, 2014 - Cornwallis was possibly the most capable British general in that war, but ... for his achievements as British governor-general of India (1786–93, ...
Charles Cornwallis | History | Yorktown Chronicles
www.historyisfun.org/sites/yorktown-chronicles/history/cornwallis.htm
He
was forced to surrender his troops in 1781 to American and French
forces at the Siege of Yorktown, which essentially ended the American
Revolution. But that did not break his spirit or his reputation. General Cornwallis went on to serve as governor in Ireland and India, where he made significant reforms.
Charles Cornwallis - United States History
www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1304.html
The defeat at Yorktown did not destroy Cornwallis's career, however. In 1786, he was appointed governor-general of India, where he brought important reforms ...
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis | Architect of the Capitol ...
www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/historic-rotunda.../surrender-lord-cornwallis
Oct 19, 2015 - The painting Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull is on display in the Rotunda of the US Capitol. The subject of this painting is the ...
Charles Cornwallis in The American Revolution - Shmoop
www.shmoop.com › History › The American Revolution › People
Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) was an English general who fought in the Seven Years' War and served as a member of Parliament, where he opposed ...
Gen. Lord Charles Cornwallis (Character) - Biography - IMDb
www.imdb.com/character/ch0006314/bio
"Gen. Lord Charles Cornwallis" is a character based on British military figure Charles Cornwallis. He was born on December 31, 1738 in London into a ...
children of tipu in calcutta
I'm a Bengali, says Tipu Sultan's descendant - Deccan Herald
www.deccanherald.com › National
Jul 27, 2010 - "After Tipu was killed by the British in Mysore, his 12 sons and relatives, a group of 300 people, were sent to Kolkata, so as to prevent the family ...
The story after Tipu Sultan was killed in 1799 - NDTV.com
www.ndtv.com › India
Jul 28, 2010 - "After Tipu was killed by the British in Mysore, his 12 sons and relatives, a group of 300 people, were sent to Kolkata, so as to prevent the family ...
Hard times for Tipu Sultan's descendants : Living - India Today
indiatoday.intoday.in › Archive › Living › April 15, 1988
Exiles in Calcutta: The Descendants of Tipu Sultan ... - JStor
www.jstor.org/stable/23002129
by B GUPTA - 1991
of Tipu. Sultan. An oil painting in the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, shows Lord Cornwallis ... Tipu's sons,the entire clan including the members of Karim Shah's.Tipu Sultan descendants to have royal status restored - The ...
www.telegraph.co.uk › News › World News › Asia › India
Jul 31, 2009 - Today his descendants are rickshaw pullers and domestic servants in Calcutta, shunned by India's remaining royal families and humiliated by ...
For Tipu Sultan's kin, ... life is a battleground | Arab News
www.arabnews.com/news/505976
Jan 9, 2014 - Descendants of Tipu Sultan, who ruled most of the southern parts of ... the British rounded up and deported to the then-Calcutta the children of ...
Tipu Sultan's legacy to come alive at Tollygunge museum in ...
timesofindia.indiatimes.com › City
Jan 2, 2015 - KOLKATA: Karnataka has decided to celebrate Tipu Sultan's birth anniversary, ... Descendants of the immediate family members of the "Tiger of ...
Shezada Hyder Ali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shezada_Hyder_Ali
After the fall of Seringapatam and death of Tippu Sultan on 4 May 1799, ... Today, many of Shezada Hyder Ali's descendants live in Calcutta, Karnataka, Andhra ...
Tipu Sultan's descendants will have their royal status restored
https://toshkhana.wordpress.com/.../tipu-sultans-descendants-will-have-th...
TIPU'S SON -LEADER OF-The Vellore Mutiny-1806
Vellore was the capital of erstwhile North Arcot district in Tamil Nadu. At present, this district is named after its capital Vellore. It is a well fortified and beautiful city.With the expansion of the East India Company’s rule in India, the native rulers and their dependents suffered. The native rulers either submitted or rebelled. These rebellions had no clear vision or ideal but purely motivated by the territorial interest of the native rulers and their ambition to preserve the old feudal order.
The heroism and sacrifice of individuals like Puli Thevar, Kattabomman and Marudu Brothers had no parallel. But all these leaders never organised the common people for a unified and meaningful cause. The ideas of nationalism, political consciousness and organized struggle came much later. In Vellore the native sepoys rose in revolt in 1806.
This incident differs from other previous rebellions in. The earlier rebellions were those of the native rulers. The Vellore Mutiny was organized by the sepoys. The earlier rebellions had only a regional interest. Every prince wanted to safeguard his own kingdom at any cost. But Vellore Mutiny was the result of spontaneous outflow of the feelings of the sepoys who served under the Company. It was a protest by the sepoys against the Company. This protest showed the future possibilities.
Causes of the Vellore Mutiny
Several causes are attributed to the Vellore Mutiny. Indian sepoys had to experience numerous difficulties when they went to serve in the Company’s army. The sepoys were forced to serve under the Company since their earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing from the scene.The strict discipline, practice, new weapons, new methods and uniforms were all new to the sepoys. Anything new appears to be difficult and wrong for a man who is well-settled in the old way of life for a long-time. Sir John Cradock, the commander-in-chief, with the -approval of Lord-William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras, introduced a new from of turban, resembling a European hat. Wearing ear rings and caste marks were also prohibited.
The sepoys were asked to shave the chin and to trim the moustache. The sepoys felt that these were designed to insult them and their religious and social traditions. There was also a popular belief that this was the beginning of a process by which all of them would be converted to Christianity. The English treated the Indian sepoys as their inferior. There was the racial prejudice.
This was the psychological base for the sepoy mutinies in India during the Company’s rule. The sepoys once served the local chieftains (either Hindu or Muslim). The chieftains were their own kinsmen but now they served under the foreigners. They can never forget their original loyalties. The Vellore uprising was preceded by a series of protests by the Indian troops. In May 1806, the 4th Regiment rose in revolt against the new turban. The Commander-in-Chief took severe action the sepoys who were found guilty were punished with 500 to 900 lashes.
Before the mutiny secret associations were formed and meetings held in which Tipu’s family took part. On June 17th 1806 a sepoy of the 1st Regiment named Mustapha Beg, secretly informed his commanding officer, Colonel Forbes, that a plot had been planned for the extermination of the European officers and troops. But this was not taken seriously .
On the eve of the Mutiny at Vellore Fettah Hyder, the first son of Tipu, tried to form an alliance against the English and sought the help of the Marathas and the French. Fettah Hyder received secret information through one Mohommed Malick.Besides, princes Fettah Hyder and Moiz-ud-Deen in particular were active in planning the execution of the Mutiny. Thus, there was the desire to revive the old Muslim rule in this region.
The sepoys were aware of the tragic end of Puli Thevar, Khan Sahib, Kattabomman, Marudu Brothers, Tipu Sultan and others. Hence there were ill-feelings about the British in the minds of the sepoys. All these led to the rebellion.
Course of the Mutiny
On July 10th in the early morning the native sepoys of the 1st and 23rd Regiments started the revolt . Colonel Fancourt, who commanded the garrison, was their first victim. Colonel Me Kerras of the 23rd Regiment, was shot down on the parade-ground. Major Armstrong was the next officer to be killed during the mutiny. About a dozen other officers were also killed.Major Cootes who was outside the fort dashed to Ranipet, 14 miles away, and informed Colonel Gillespie at 7 am . Col. Gillespie reached the Vellore fort at 9 A.M. Meantime, the rebels proclaimed Futteh Hyder, Tipu’s first son, as their new ruler and hoisted tiger-striped flag of Tipu Sultan. But the uprising was swiftly crushed by Col. Gillespie. 800 Indian soldiers were found dead in the fort alone. Six hundred soldiers were imprisoned in Tiruchi and Vellore. Some rebels were hung, some shot dead. The uprising was thus brought to a bloody end.
Tipu’s son was sent to Calcutta. The commander-in-chief and the governor were recalled. Vellore Mutiny failed. There was no proper leadership. The rebellion was also not well organized. But it is the starting point of a new era of the resistance of the sepoys to the British rule. The 18th century was marked by the resistance of the local chieftains. The first six decades of 19th century was marked by the resistance of sepoys. K.K. Pillai rejects the thesis that Vellore Mutiny led to the 1857 revolt. V.D. Savarkar calls the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 as the prelude to the first War of Indian Independence in 1857. N. Sanjivi proclaims that the Tamils had taken the real lead in the Indian freedom struggle. K. Rajayyan argues that this mutiny was a continuation of the Marudu Brothers’ resistance movement against the colonial rule.
TIPPU'S CHILDREN IN CALCUTTA
The Tipu Sultan Shahi Mosque (also known as Tipu Sultan Masjid) is a famous mosque in Kolkata, India. Located at 185 Dhartamtalla Street, the mosque is a relic of architectural and cultural heritage.This building was built in 1832 by Prince Ghulam Mohammed, the youngest son of Tipu
Hard times
for Tipu Sultan's descendants : Living - India Today
indiatoday.intoday.in
British were apprehensive of Tipu’s growing contacts with the Muslim rulers both in India and abroad. His extensive links with Afghanistan, Persia, Oman, Ottoman empire and other smaller states, his strategy aimed at intensifying political and economic co-operation particularly setting up of factories, state to state trade ignoring the Europeans, establishing military co-operation, all were considered too dangerous and revolutionary ideas which if implemented could undermine their position in the area and ultimately dash their hopes of establishing an empire
Hamida and Zaheda with children: bleak future
For Tipu Sultan's kin, ... life is a battleground | Arab News
Hard times for Tipu Sultan's descendants : Living - India Today
Noor Inayat Khan: Statue unveiled to commemorate Britain's only Muslim war heroine | Daily Mail Online
Born in Moscow to an Indian father and an American mother, Noor was a descendant of Tipu Sultan, the 18th century ruler of Mysore. The family lived in London, moving to Paris when Noor was six.
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May 16, 2007 - Business Recorder (Pakistan), May 5&12, 2007 Saturday Iqtidar Karamat Cheema Tipu Sultan faced a united and stronger British power in .
For Tipu Sultan's kin, ... life is a battleground | Arab News
www.arabnews.com
PRINCE
TO PAUPER: Illiterate and left to a hand to mouth existence, many of
the descendants of Tipu Sultan, struggle to make both ends meet despite
being ...
On a Friday morning in August, during the holy month of Ramadan,
Sanwar Ali Shah, 48; his son Sanu Shah, 22; and his brother Dilawar
Shah, 50, pack their way into the Tipu Sultan Shahi Masjid. It’s not
raining, but a monsoon looms near, its thick humidity folded into the
warm Kolkata air. Inside the mosque, working-class Muslims stand
shoulder-to-shoulder, ready for prayer.
At first glance, Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu are indiscernible from their fellow congregants. But as Sanwar walks out, then throws a calloused hand onto the rickshaw he pulls, the people around him know the difference. Over a 10-hour shift, he will pocket 300 rupees ($6). “I work 30 days per month,” he says in Hindi, shaking his head in disbelief. “There are no holidays.”
This crushing grind isn’t uncommon in Kolkata. But Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu aren’t like the others filing out of the mosque. Through seven generations, these three can trace a direct lineage back to Tipu Sultan, the legendary 18th-century ruler of Mysore, the man for whom the mosque is named. Of the roughly 15 million people stuffed into the city, these three princes should be surveying their kingdom. Instead, they’re pulling rickshaws.
In India, being related to Tipu Sultan is a mark of distinction, like being a descendant of a more ferocious George Washington. Back in 1782, Tipu took over the leadership of Mysore from his father. The kingdom, centered about 90 miles outside Bangalore, stretched to the southern banks of Kerala and encompassed much of South India. But the timing of his ascent was unfortunate: Tipu gained power just as the British launched an aggressive land grab on the subcontinent. Back then, India wasn’t so much a nation as a loosely stitched heap of principalities and kingdoms. When British eyes turned to Tipu’s territory, he fought a series of dogged wars to protect his land. His ferocity—which famously included rocket attacks against would-be conquer- ors—earned him the nickname “the Tiger of Mysore.”
Although Tipu Sultan died in 1799 during a decisive British victory, his legend had been firmly established long before. Hearing of his valor, Napoleon had once hoped to join forces with Tipu, uniting French and Indian armies against the British. And despite the Muslim leader’s cruel streak toward India’s Hindu and Christian populations, he remains fixed in the popular imagination as one of the nation’s most important freedom fighters. In the years following his death, Tipu Sultan became so revered in South India that the British were uneasy letting his relatives live in the area. Fearing another uprising, the government displaced his extended family—including 12 of his sons— about 1,000 miles northeast to the then capital of the British Raj, Calcutta.
Tipu’s family was stripped of its status, but the British government made concessions to make sure his descendants were taken care of. His family received healthy stipends, which they used to acquire large tracts of property. Some of Tipu’s sons invested well, and their descendants live comfortably—or better.
But Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu Shah—descendants of Tipu’s first son—haven’t been as lucky. Two hundred yards from the mosque, along the same stretch of road, Sanwar, his three brothers, an unmarried sister, and their families reside in a ramshackle house. They end their work shifts bone-tired, with just enough money to put food on the table. As Sanwar once told the Indian newspaper the Deccan Herald, “We are ashamed to speak of our past; that we are descendants of the great man makes us shrink further.” But the blood of the Mysore Tiger still flows in their veins, and whatever scars the family bears from this fall from opulence, the Shahs still know how to fight.
Dilawar Shah and his brothers have spent their lives hustling. They’ve scalped movie tickets for spare cash. They’ve biked rickshaws through Kolkata’s gridded streets for 11 hours at a stretch. When the money from the fares wasn’t enough, the brothers carved a cigarette stall into the front of their dilapidated home and put their mom to work. Today, the Shah home also houses a family-run leather upholstery shop, where Sanu stitches colorful leather rickshaw seat covers by hand. The Shahs are the hardest-working royal family in the world, but how did they fall on such hard luck? It starts with their father, the eldest of Tipu’s sons, who insisted on living like a king, even when he couldn’t.
“My father, Akhtar, was an educated, worldly man who could read and write in several Indian and European languages,” says Dilawar. Akhtar never worked, hoping that the family’s regal position would be reinstated after two centuries and that the trusts of the other branches of Tipu Sultan’s family tree would come to his aid. Those cash infusions never came. When the southern Indian state of Karnataka offered to transport the family to rehabilitate them in Mysore, Akhtar refused to leave Kolkata, holding out for a better offer. And when his inheritance slowed to a trickle, he sold off whatever valuable assets he had to maintain his lifestyle.
But in his selfishness, he never schooled his children. In fact, all his children are completely illiterate. “It may be surprising to see us employed in such basic professions, but nothing more was possible,” says Dilawar, who has worked dozens of odd jobs. “Before you can feed the mind, you must feed the stomach. So we were left uneducated.”
If there’s hope for Dilawar and his family, it’s that other branches of Tipu’s family tree have been able to reverse their fortunes relatively recently. On the very same Prince Anwar Shah Road, about midway between the mosque and the Shahs’ run-down home, stands Fort Mysore Towers, a modern apartment complex that dwarfs the surrounding architecture. There, secured behind the compound’s high concrete wall and security guards, Maqbool Alam, 82, who belongs to another of the family’s strands, owns three apartments. Although he’s living comfortably, he explains in the Queen’s English, “Not long ago, we too had financial problems.” His nephew Shahid Alam, 48, who also owns three apartments, agrees. “Money was a major concern. Thankfully, in the late 1990s, we were able to make an agreement with a property developer to demolish the 150-year-old building and raise these towers.”
As secretary of Mysore Family Fateha Fund Wakf Estate (which handles property matters for those shifted from Mysore by the British), Shahid has taken a particular interest in the family’s fortunes. He blames Indian bureaucracy and a painful litigation process for contributing to the disparity among Tipu’s descendants. “So many documents have been filed on our behalf to various minority welfare boards; committees have come from as far as Karnataka to write reports; there are numerous property cases which remain pending—but nothing happens.”
To illustrate his point, Shahid cites a family burial ground located about two miles away. “This plot was active and in use until 1979. That’s when the illegal encroaching began.” By 1985, Shahid says, the eight-acre burial ground had transformed into a slum, overrun by 4,000 squatters and more than 400 shanties. “When we tried to evict them ourselves, the thugs who’d helped settle them threatened us.”
For two decades, Shahid has been formally petitioning various police and government departments to help his relatives. “It’s an untouchable area for the politicians. They get votes in this district from the squatters, and they don’t want to anger them. So they smile in our faces with promises to help.”
While Shahid now has the luxury of worrying about abstract matters like legacy, the Shah family is still focused on more tangible concerns. “Proud of the legacy?” Dilawar asks. “I’m proud that I’ve been able to give my three daughters some education,” a gift his father never gave him. He continues, “Now my only hope is to have my younger two married.”
If history is any indication, this rickshaw-pulling prince will hustle and sweat to pay for those weddings. His family will band together to make it happen. And once they have, Dilawar will look to fulfill his final wish: “I’d love to see Mysore, the ancestral homeland. Just to visit would be nice.”
As for Sanu, 22, he’s focused on earning enough money stitching rickshaw seat covers to start a family. “If I save my salary and work hard, I’ll be able to marry by 30,” he says.
And so instead of lounging in palaces, three princes who should have been born retired instead earn each rupee the hard way, placing calloused hands on the rickshaw’s handlebars, taking a deep breath, then eyeing the crowded streets for the next passenger.
1. The Hardest-Working Kings
By Matthew SchneebergerAt first glance, Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu are indiscernible from their fellow congregants. But as Sanwar walks out, then throws a calloused hand onto the rickshaw he pulls, the people around him know the difference. Over a 10-hour shift, he will pocket 300 rupees ($6). “I work 30 days per month,” he says in Hindi, shaking his head in disbelief. “There are no holidays.”
This crushing grind isn’t uncommon in Kolkata. But Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu aren’t like the others filing out of the mosque. Through seven generations, these three can trace a direct lineage back to Tipu Sultan, the legendary 18th-century ruler of Mysore, the man for whom the mosque is named. Of the roughly 15 million people stuffed into the city, these three princes should be surveying their kingdom. Instead, they’re pulling rickshaws.
In India, being related to Tipu Sultan is a mark of distinction, like being a descendant of a more ferocious George Washington. Back in 1782, Tipu took over the leadership of Mysore from his father. The kingdom, centered about 90 miles outside Bangalore, stretched to the southern banks of Kerala and encompassed much of South India. But the timing of his ascent was unfortunate: Tipu gained power just as the British launched an aggressive land grab on the subcontinent. Back then, India wasn’t so much a nation as a loosely stitched heap of principalities and kingdoms. When British eyes turned to Tipu’s territory, he fought a series of dogged wars to protect his land. His ferocity—which famously included rocket attacks against would-be conquer- ors—earned him the nickname “the Tiger of Mysore.”
Although Tipu Sultan died in 1799 during a decisive British victory, his legend had been firmly established long before. Hearing of his valor, Napoleon had once hoped to join forces with Tipu, uniting French and Indian armies against the British. And despite the Muslim leader’s cruel streak toward India’s Hindu and Christian populations, he remains fixed in the popular imagination as one of the nation’s most important freedom fighters. In the years following his death, Tipu Sultan became so revered in South India that the British were uneasy letting his relatives live in the area. Fearing another uprising, the government displaced his extended family—including 12 of his sons— about 1,000 miles northeast to the then capital of the British Raj, Calcutta.
Tipu’s family was stripped of its status, but the British government made concessions to make sure his descendants were taken care of. His family received healthy stipends, which they used to acquire large tracts of property. Some of Tipu’s sons invested well, and their descendants live comfortably—or better.
But Dilawar, Sanwar, and Sanu Shah—descendants of Tipu’s first son—haven’t been as lucky. Two hundred yards from the mosque, along the same stretch of road, Sanwar, his three brothers, an unmarried sister, and their families reside in a ramshackle house. They end their work shifts bone-tired, with just enough money to put food on the table. As Sanwar once told the Indian newspaper the Deccan Herald, “We are ashamed to speak of our past; that we are descendants of the great man makes us shrink further.” But the blood of the Mysore Tiger still flows in their veins, and whatever scars the family bears from this fall from opulence, the Shahs still know how to fight.
Dilawar Shah and his brothers have spent their lives hustling. They’ve scalped movie tickets for spare cash. They’ve biked rickshaws through Kolkata’s gridded streets for 11 hours at a stretch. When the money from the fares wasn’t enough, the brothers carved a cigarette stall into the front of their dilapidated home and put their mom to work. Today, the Shah home also houses a family-run leather upholstery shop, where Sanu stitches colorful leather rickshaw seat covers by hand. The Shahs are the hardest-working royal family in the world, but how did they fall on such hard luck? It starts with their father, the eldest of Tipu’s sons, who insisted on living like a king, even when he couldn’t.
“My father, Akhtar, was an educated, worldly man who could read and write in several Indian and European languages,” says Dilawar. Akhtar never worked, hoping that the family’s regal position would be reinstated after two centuries and that the trusts of the other branches of Tipu Sultan’s family tree would come to his aid. Those cash infusions never came. When the southern Indian state of Karnataka offered to transport the family to rehabilitate them in Mysore, Akhtar refused to leave Kolkata, holding out for a better offer. And when his inheritance slowed to a trickle, he sold off whatever valuable assets he had to maintain his lifestyle.
But in his selfishness, he never schooled his children. In fact, all his children are completely illiterate. “It may be surprising to see us employed in such basic professions, but nothing more was possible,” says Dilawar, who has worked dozens of odd jobs. “Before you can feed the mind, you must feed the stomach. So we were left uneducated.”
If there’s hope for Dilawar and his family, it’s that other branches of Tipu’s family tree have been able to reverse their fortunes relatively recently. On the very same Prince Anwar Shah Road, about midway between the mosque and the Shahs’ run-down home, stands Fort Mysore Towers, a modern apartment complex that dwarfs the surrounding architecture. There, secured behind the compound’s high concrete wall and security guards, Maqbool Alam, 82, who belongs to another of the family’s strands, owns three apartments. Although he’s living comfortably, he explains in the Queen’s English, “Not long ago, we too had financial problems.” His nephew Shahid Alam, 48, who also owns three apartments, agrees. “Money was a major concern. Thankfully, in the late 1990s, we were able to make an agreement with a property developer to demolish the 150-year-old building and raise these towers.”
As secretary of Mysore Family Fateha Fund Wakf Estate (which handles property matters for those shifted from Mysore by the British), Shahid has taken a particular interest in the family’s fortunes. He blames Indian bureaucracy and a painful litigation process for contributing to the disparity among Tipu’s descendants. “So many documents have been filed on our behalf to various minority welfare boards; committees have come from as far as Karnataka to write reports; there are numerous property cases which remain pending—but nothing happens.”
To illustrate his point, Shahid cites a family burial ground located about two miles away. “This plot was active and in use until 1979. That’s when the illegal encroaching began.” By 1985, Shahid says, the eight-acre burial ground had transformed into a slum, overrun by 4,000 squatters and more than 400 shanties. “When we tried to evict them ourselves, the thugs who’d helped settle them threatened us.”
For two decades, Shahid has been formally petitioning various police and government departments to help his relatives. “It’s an untouchable area for the politicians. They get votes in this district from the squatters, and they don’t want to anger them. So they smile in our faces with promises to help.”
While Shahid now has the luxury of worrying about abstract matters like legacy, the Shah family is still focused on more tangible concerns. “Proud of the legacy?” Dilawar asks. “I’m proud that I’ve been able to give my three daughters some education,” a gift his father never gave him. He continues, “Now my only hope is to have my younger two married.”
If history is any indication, this rickshaw-pulling prince will hustle and sweat to pay for those weddings. His family will band together to make it happen. And once they have, Dilawar will look to fulfill his final wish: “I’d love to see Mysore, the ancestral homeland. Just to visit would be nice.”
As for Sanu, 22, he’s focused on earning enough money stitching rickshaw seat covers to start a family. “If I save my salary and work hard, I’ll be able to marry by 30,” he says.
And so instead of lounging in palaces, three princes who should have been born retired instead earn each rupee the hard way, placing calloused hands on the rickshaw’s handlebars, taking a deep breath, then eyeing the crowded streets for the next passenger.
Hard times for Tipu Sultan's descendants : Living - India TodayNoor Inayat Khan: Statue unveiled to commemorate Britain's only Muslim war heroine | Daily Mail Online
www.dailymail.co.uk
Noor had a degree in child psychology, played sitar, and wrote short stories for children
Born in Moscow to an Indian father and an American mother, Noor was a descendant of Tipu Sultan, the 18th century ruler of Mysore. The family lived in London, moving to Paris when Noor was six.
..................................................................................................................................
Map Symbols
THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS
Europe, The Italian Campaigns, 1796 - Strategic Situation
Northern Italy, 1796 - Seizing Central Position, 10 - 14 April
Northern Italy, 1796 - Using Interior Lines, 15 - 23 April
Northern Italy, 1796 - Pursuit to the Po, 24 April - 8 May, and Explotation to Cerona, 9 May - 1 June
Lake Garda and Vicinity,1796 Wurmser's Advance & The Battle of Castiglione- 28 July- 4 August
Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Wurmser's Advance & Bonaparte's Pursuit, 1-13 September
Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Mobile Defense, 1-12 November
Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Bonaparte Forces The Decision, 14-17 November
Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1797 - Rivoli Model of Interior Lines, 7-14 January
THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNS
Europe, 1798 - The Egyptian Campaigns, Strategic Overview, 1798 - 1799
THE MARENGO CAMPAIGN
Northern Italy, 1800 - The Marengo Campaign, Strategic Envelopment and Battle of Marengo
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Late April
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 14 May
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 24 May
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 5 June and Movements Since 27 May
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 12 June
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Late 13 June and Initial Movements 14 June
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation About 1000, 14 June
The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Shortly Before 1400, 14 June and Movements up to 1500
THE EXPANSION OF FRANCE
Europe, 1801 - The Expansion of France, Territorial Gains
Europe, 1803 - The Expansion of France, Restrucuring Germany
Europe, 1805 - The Expansion Of France, Redeployment of the Grande Army
THE ULM CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1805 - The Invasion of Bavaria, Situation, 2 - 25 September
Central Europe, 1805 - French Strategic Envelopment, Situation, 26 September- 9 October
Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 7 - 9 October
Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 9 - 11 October
Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 11 - 14 October
THE AUSTERLITZ CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1805 - Pursuit to Vienna, Situation, 26 October - 1 November
Central Europe, 1805 - General Situation, 25 November
Europe, 1805 - Strategic Situation, 25 November
The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 1800 hours, 1 December
The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 0900 hours, 2 December
The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 1400 hours, 2 December
THE EXPANSION OF THE EMPIRE
Europe, 1806 - The Expansion of the Empire, September and Territorial Changes Since December 1805
THE JENA CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, 6 October and Deployment of Opposing Armies
Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, Noon 10 October and Movements Since 8 October
Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, 1800 12 October and Movements Since 10 October
Jena and Vicinity, 1806 Base Map with Contours
Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, Situation at Midnight, 13 October
Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, 1000 hours- 14 October
Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, 1400 hours- 14 October
Central Europe, 1806 - Pursuit to the Oder, 15 - October - 1 November
THE EYLAU AND FRIEDLAND CAMPAIGNS
Europe, 1807 - East Prusia, The Eylau and Friedland Campaigns
The Battle of Eylau, 1807 - Situation Early, 8 February
The Battle of Eylau, 1807 - Situation About 1600, 8 February
The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation Shortly After 1700, 14 June
The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation About 1800, 14 June
The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation About 1900, 14 June
THE TREATY OF TILST AND THE CONTINENTAL SYSYTEM
Europe, 1807 - The Treaty of Tilsit and the Continental System - Naval Ground Actions in 1807
DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1808 - Defending the Grande Empire, Strategic Situation July and the Continental System
THE CAMPAIGN IN SPAIN
Iberian Peninsula, 1808 - June- 21 - August 1808
Iberian Peninsula, 1808 - October 1808 - 20 January 1809
DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1809 - Defending the Grande Empire, Strategic Situation 1 February
THE DANUBE CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1809 - Situation, 15 April and Deployment of Opposing Forces
Ratisbon and Vicinity, 1809 - Situation Noon, 19 April and Movements Since 17 April
Ratisbon and Vicinity, 1809 - Situation, Midnight 21 - 22 April and Movements Since 19 April
Southern Germany, 1809 - Situation, 0800 22 May and Movements Since 22 April
Southern Germany, 1809 - Situation, 1030 6 July and Movements Since 22 May
Ratisbon, Battle of Abensberg, 1809 - Situation About 1000, 20 April
Ratisbon, Situation About Midnight, 1809 21-22 April and Main Routes of Retreat
Ratisbon, 1809 = Battle of Eggmuhl, Situation About 1500, 22 April
RatisbonTo Wagram, 1809 - Situation 13 May and Movements of Opposing Forces
The Battle of Aspern-Essling (1st Day), 1809 - Situation About 1500, 21 May
The Battle of Aspern-Essling (2nd Day), 1809 - Situation About 0730, 22 May
Wagram, 1809 - Situation Late 4 July
The Battle of Wagram (1st Day). 1809 - Situation About 1400, 5 July. Crossing of the Danube
The Battle of Wagram (2nd Day, 1809 - Situation About 1030, 6 July
106. The Battle of Wagram (2nd Day), 1809 - Situation About 1300, 6 July
THE WAR IN THE PENINSULA
Iberian Peninsula, 1809 -1814 - Strategic Overview To Include Major Actions and Defensive Works
THE NAPOLEON FAMILY SYSTEM
Europe, 1810, Napoleon's Family System
DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1812, Defending the Grand Empire
THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 1 July and Movements Since 1 June
Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 24 July and Movements Since 1 July
Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 14 August and Movements Since 24 July
Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 27 August 1812
The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 0630, 7 September
The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 0930, 7 September
The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 1600, 7 September
Eastern Europe,1812 - Situation, 4 October
Eastern Europe, Situation, 18 October - 5 December 1812
Germany, 1813 - Situation, The Defense of the Elbe, 1813
THE LEIPZIG CAMPAIGN
Europe, 1813 - Situation 17 March
Germany, 1813 - Napoleon's Spring Counteroffensive
Germany, 1813 - Situation At The End of the Armistice, 16 August
Germany,1813 - Situation, 26 August and Movements Since the Armistance
Germany, 1813 - Situation, 6 September and Movements Since 26 August
Germany, 1813 - Situation, 2 October and Major Movements Since 26 September
Germany, 1813 - Situation, 9 October and Movements Since 2 October
Germany, 1813 - Situation, 13 October and Movements Since 9 October
THE CAMPAIGN IN FRANCE
Western Europe, 1814 - Situation 1 January and 10 February
THE WATERLOO CAMPAIGN
Northwestern Europe, 1815 - Situation 1 June and Deployment of Opposing Forces
Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, 0700 16 June 1and Movements Since 1 June
Quatre-Bras and Ligny, 1815 - The Battles of Ligny and Quatre-Bras, Situation at Noon on 16 June
Quatre-Bras and Ligny, 1815 - Situation at 2000 on 16 June
Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, Midnight 17-18 June and Movements Since 16 June
Waterloo and Vicinity, 1815 - The Battle of Waterloo, Situation 1000 Hours, 18 June
Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, 1000 hours 18 June
Waterloo Battlefield, 1815 - Situation, 1600 hours 18 June
Waterloo Battlefield, 1815 - Situation, 1930 hours 18 June
EUROPE 1810 - 1815
Europe, 1810 - Under Napoleon
Europe, 1815 - Under the Monarchs
THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS
Europe, The Italian Campaigns, 1796 - Strategic Situation Northern Italy, 1796 - Seizing Central Position, 10 - 14 April Northern Italy, 1796 - Using Interior Lines, 15 - 23 April Northern Italy, 1796 - Pursuit to the Po, 24 April - 8 May, and Explotation to Cerona, 9 May - 1 June Lake Garda and Vicinity,1796 Wurmser's Advance & The Battle of Castiglione- 28 July- 4 August Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Wurmser's Advance & Bonaparte's Pursuit, 1-13 September Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Mobile Defense, 1-12 November Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1796 - Bonaparte Forces The Decision, 14-17 November Lake Garda and Vicinity, 1797 - Rivoli Model of Interior Lines, 7-14 January THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNS
Europe, 1798 - The Egyptian Campaigns, Strategic Overview, 1798 - 1799 THE MARENGO CAMPAIGN
Northern Italy, 1800 - The Marengo Campaign, Strategic Envelopment and Battle of Marengo The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Late April The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 14 May The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 24 May The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 5 June and Movements Since 27 May The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation 12 June The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Late 13 June and Initial Movements 14 June The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation About 1000, 14 June The Marengo Campiagn, 1800 - Situation Shortly Before 1400, 14 June and Movements up to 1500 THE EXPANSION OF FRANCE
Europe, 1801 - The Expansion of France, Territorial Gains Europe, 1803 - The Expansion of France, Restrucuring Germany Europe, 1805 - The Expansion Of France, Redeployment of the Grande Army THE ULM CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1805 - The Invasion of Bavaria, Situation, 2 - 25 September Central Europe, 1805 - French Strategic Envelopment, Situation, 26 September- 9 October Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 7 - 9 October Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 9 - 11 October Central Europe, 1805 - The Engagements Around Ulm, Situation, 11 - 14 October THE AUSTERLITZ CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1805 - Pursuit to Vienna, Situation, 26 October - 1 November Central Europe, 1805 - General Situation, 25 November Europe, 1805 - Strategic Situation, 25 November The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 1800 hours, 1 December The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 0900 hours, 2 December The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 - Situation, 1400 hours, 2 December THE EXPANSION OF THE EMPIRE
Europe, 1806 - The Expansion of the Empire, September and Territorial Changes Since December 1805 THE JENA CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, 6 October and Deployment of Opposing Armies Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, Noon 10 October and Movements Since 8 October Central Europe, 1806 - Situation, 1800 12 October and Movements Since 10 October Jena and Vicinity, 1806 Base Map with Contours Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, Situation at Midnight, 13 October Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, 1000 hours- 14 October Jena and Vicinity, 1806 - Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, 1400 hours- 14 October Central Europe, 1806 - Pursuit to the Oder, 15 - October - 1 November THE EYLAU AND FRIEDLAND CAMPAIGNS
Europe, 1807 - East Prusia, The Eylau and Friedland Campaigns The Battle of Eylau, 1807 - Situation Early, 8 February The Battle of Eylau, 1807 - Situation About 1600, 8 February The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation Shortly After 1700, 14 June The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation About 1800, 14 June The Battle of Friedland, 1807 - Situation About 1900, 14 June THE TREATY OF TILST AND THE CONTINENTAL SYSYTEM
Europe, 1807 - The Treaty of Tilsit and the Continental System - Naval Ground Actions in 1807 DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1808 - Defending the Grande Empire, Strategic Situation July and the Continental System THE CAMPAIGN IN SPAIN
Iberian Peninsula, 1808 - June- 21 - August 1808 Iberian Peninsula, 1808 - October 1808 - 20 January 1809 DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1809 - Defending the Grande Empire, Strategic Situation 1 February THE DANUBE CAMPAIGN
Central Europe, 1809 - Situation, 15 April and Deployment of Opposing Forces Ratisbon and Vicinity, 1809 - Situation Noon, 19 April and Movements Since 17 April Ratisbon and Vicinity, 1809 - Situation, Midnight 21 - 22 April and Movements Since 19 April Southern Germany, 1809 - Situation, 0800 22 May and Movements Since 22 April Southern Germany, 1809 - Situation, 1030 6 July and Movements Since 22 May Ratisbon, Battle of Abensberg, 1809 - Situation About 1000, 20 April Ratisbon, Situation About Midnight, 1809 21-22 April and Main Routes of Retreat Ratisbon, 1809 = Battle of Eggmuhl, Situation About 1500, 22 April RatisbonTo Wagram, 1809 - Situation 13 May and Movements of Opposing Forces The Battle of Aspern-Essling (1st Day), 1809 - Situation About 1500, 21 May The Battle of Aspern-Essling (2nd Day), 1809 - Situation About 0730, 22 May Wagram, 1809 - Situation Late 4 July The Battle of Wagram (1st Day). 1809 - Situation About 1400, 5 July. Crossing of the Danube The Battle of Wagram (2nd Day, 1809 - Situation About 1030, 6 July 106. The Battle of Wagram (2nd Day), 1809 - Situation About 1300, 6 July THE WAR IN THE PENINSULA
Iberian Peninsula, 1809 -1814 - Strategic Overview To Include Major Actions and Defensive Works THE NAPOLEON FAMILY SYSTEM
Europe, 1810, Napoleon's Family System DEFENDING THE GRANDE EMPIRE
Europe, 1812, Defending the Grand Empire THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 1 July and Movements Since 1 June Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 24 July and Movements Since 1 July Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 14 August and Movements Since 24 July Eastern Europe, 1812 - Situation, 27 August 1812 The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 0630, 7 September The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 0930, 7 September The Battle of Borodino, 1812 - Situation 1600, 7 September Eastern Europe,1812 - Situation, 4 October Eastern Europe, Situation, 18 October - 5 December 1812 Germany, 1813 - Situation, The Defense of the Elbe, 1813 THE LEIPZIG CAMPAIGN
Europe, 1813 - Situation 17 March Germany, 1813 - Napoleon's Spring Counteroffensive Germany, 1813 - Situation At The End of the Armistice, 16 August Germany,1813 - Situation, 26 August and Movements Since the Armistance Germany, 1813 - Situation, 6 September and Movements Since 26 August Germany, 1813 - Situation, 2 October and Major Movements Since 26 September Germany, 1813 - Situation, 9 October and Movements Since 2 October Germany, 1813 - Situation, 13 October and Movements Since 9 October THE CAMPAIGN IN FRANCE
Western Europe, 1814 - Situation 1 January and 10 February THE WATERLOO CAMPAIGN
Northwestern Europe, 1815 - Situation 1 June and Deployment of Opposing Forces Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, 0700 16 June 1and Movements Since 1 June Quatre-Bras and Ligny, 1815 - The Battles of Ligny and Quatre-Bras, Situation at Noon on 16 June Quatre-Bras and Ligny, 1815 - Situation at 2000 on 16 June Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, Midnight 17-18 June and Movements Since 16 June Waterloo and Vicinity, 1815 - The Battle of Waterloo, Situation 1000 Hours, 18 June Brussels and Vicinity, 1815 - Situation, 1000 hours 18 June Waterloo Battlefield, 1815 - Situation, 1600 hours 18 June Waterloo Battlefield, 1815 - Situation, 1930 hours 18 June EUROPE 1810 - 1815
Europe, 1810 - Under Napoleon Europe, 1815 - Under the Monarchs =============================================================
Tipu Sultan's relations with the Ottoman empire |
acturca.info/2007/05/16/tipu-sultans-relations-with-the-ottoman-empire/
British were apprehensive of Tipu’s growing contacts with the Muslim rulers both in India and abroad. His extensive links with Afghanistan, Persia, Oman, Ottoman empire and other smaller states, his strategy aimed at intensifying political and economic co-operation particularly setting up of factories, state to state trade ignoring the Europeans, establishing military co-operation, all were considered too dangerous and revolutionary ideas which if implemented could undermine their position in the area and ultimately dash their hopes of establishing an empire
Battle of Diu (1509) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)
AN OTTOMAN GALLEON, | Kalyon-Galleon | Pinterest | OttomansOttoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean - Wikipedia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/.../Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_O...
It threatened the coastal cities of the Arabian Peninsula and India. ... While the Ottoman Empire was a major sea power in the Mediterranean, it was not possible to transfer the navy to the Red Sea. ... The arrival of Portuguese ships in Hormuz
Ottoman Navy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy
After the end of the Ottoman Empire and the declaration of the Republic of ... The first Turkish naval fleet in Anatolia, which consisted of 33 sail ships and 17 oar .... which aimed to remove the Portuguese from India, failed to achieve this goal.
Siege of Diu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Diu
600 men (garrison) 139 ships 186 cannons, 12,000 Gujarati 7,000 Ottomans ... in order to fight the Portuguese away from the Red Sea and in the area of India. .... important vassal of the Mughal Empire and a crucial ally of the Ottoman Navy.
Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, ...
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1843839482
Philip MacDougall - 2014 - History
number of small vessels, occasionally joined by a few hastily equipped large trading ... of India, through their strong trading alliances with the Ottoman Empire,
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